Here’s what you need to know about the Pelicot trial

Judges in the French city of Avignon have sentenced Dominique Pelicot to 20 years in prison for aggravated rape after he drugged and abused his then wife, Gisèle Pelicot, and invited dozens of strangers to rape her.

Dominique stood accused alongside 50 other men. Of the 50 co-defendants found guilty, 46 were found guilty of rape, two guilty of attempted rape, and two guilty of sexual assault.

For almost a decade, Gisèle Pelicot was unknowingly given sedatives by her ex-husband, who has admitted to raping her and inviting men he had recruited online to have sex with her in her bed at home while she was unconscious and unaware.

Although Dominique Pelicot admitted the charges against him, most of the other men on trial denied what they did was rape.

It was Gisèle’s decision to waive her anonymity and throw this trial into the open – in her words, making “shame swap sides” from the victim to the rapist – something which has turned the 72-year-old into a feminist icon.

Dominique has also been found guilty of attempted aggravated rape of the wife of one of the co-accused, Jean-Pierre Marechal – who admitted drugging and raping his own wife, Cillia, and inviting Dominique to rape her too.

Marechal was found guilty of attempted rape and aggravated rape.

Dominique Pelicot was further convicted of taking indecent images of his daughter, Caroline, and his daughters-in-law, Aurore and Celine.

“I am a rapist,” he previously told the judges. “I acknowledge all the facts [of the case] in their entirety.” He had begged his ex-wife and three children for forgiveness, but his actions have torn the Pelicot family apart.

Prosecutors had asked for jail sentences for the defendants ranging from four years to 20 years, the maximum sentence for a charge of aggravated rape.

One of the defendants, who has admitted the charges, previously called the trial rushed and “botched”.

Campaigners said this case proved the need for consent to be built into France’s rape laws, as in other European countries.

From 2011 to 2020, Dominique Pelicot plied his wife with tranquilising drugs and sleeping pills without her knowledge, crushed them into powder and added them to her food and drink.

Gisèle Pelicot suffered memory loss and blackouts because of the drugs and she has spoken of 10 years of her life that have been lost.

He was eventually caught because a security guard reported him to police for taking photographs under women’s skirts in a supermarket.

“I thought we were a close couple,” she once told the court. Instead, her husband was going on a notorious but now banned website called Coco.fr to invite local men to their home to have sex with her while she was comatose.

“I was sacrificed on the altar of vice,” Gisèle Pelicot said early in the trial.

Since the start of September, Judge Roger Arata and his four colleagues have heard how 50 men, now aged between 27 and 74, visited the Pelicots’ home in the village of Mazan.

While Dominique Pelicot was given the maximum sentence, the jail terms handed down for the other men were mostly for fewer years than what had been asked for by prosecutors.

The children of Gisèle Pelicot said in a statement they were disappointed by what they called the low sentences given to the defendants.

The average jail term for rape in France is 11.1 years, according to the French justice ministry.

The other defendants come from all walks of life and most of them are from a 50km (30-mile) radius of the Pelicots’ village of Mazan. The fact they are firefighters, security guards and lorry drivers has earned them the name Monsieur-Tout-Le-Monde (Mr Everyman). Most of them have children too.

Romain Vandevelde, 63, was found guilty of raping Gisèle Pelicot on six separate occasions while knowing he was HIV-positive. His lawyer said he could not have passed on the infection as he had years of treatment.

Ahead of the verdicts, one of the few men who has admitted rape told the BBC through his daughter that many people had made up their minds right away: “There was not enough time. For me it was botched work.”

Joseph Cocco, 69, a retired sports coach and grandfather had been recommended the lightest sentence of four years in prison for the charge of aggravated sexual assault. He was sentenced to three years.

Some of them have apologised for their behaviour, but many have not.

Cyril Beaubis said he was sorry to Gisèle Pelicot.

“I’m ashamed of myself, I’m disgusted,” said Jean-Pierre Marechal this week. His lawyer hoped that the judges would take account of his contrition.

Not only has this case been held in full view of the public, but the evidence against all the accused was recorded on video by Dominique Pelicot at the time and then played out in court.

Gisèle Pelicot, who has divorced her husband, said the men “treated me like a rag doll”. “Don’t talk to me about sex scenes. These are rape scenes,” she said.

Therefore none of those accused has been able to challenge the allegation that they were in Gisèle Pelicot’s room while she was comatose.

Their defence relied on the definition of rape, because it currently involves any kind of sexual penetration “by violence, coercion, threat, or surprise”. That means prosecutors needed to prove intent to rape.

Public prosecutor Laure Chabaud told the court that no-one could say any more that “since she didn’t say anything, she gave her consent – that belongs to a bygone age”.

Thousands of people have joined protests in support of Gisèle Pelicot in France. Women have stood outside the court every day chanting one of the phrases her lawyers said in court: “Shame is changing sides.”

As she arrived at court in Avignon on Thursday morning, she was met by a cheering crowd of supporters and international media. Her supporters remained outside after the verdicts were read – singing “from the women of all the world, we thank you”.

Gisèle Pelicot has attended almost every day of the trial, appearing at the court in her sunglasses just before nine o’clock.

Her decision to waive her anonymity is highly unusual, but she has stood firm at every moment. “I want all women who have been raped to say: Madame Pelicot did it, I can too.”

But she has been clear that behind her facade of strength “lies a field of ruins” and despite the widespread acclaim for what she has done, she is a reluctant hero.

“She keeps repeating, ‘I am normal,’ she does not want to be considered as an icon,” her lawyer Stéphane Babonneau has told the BBC’s Emma Barnett.

“Women generally have a strength in them that they can’t even imagine and that they have to trust themselves. That’s her message.”

Lawyers for the 51 defendants highlighted the ordinary lives they led, although a court-appointed psychiatrist Laurent Layet testified that they were neither ordinary nor “monsters”.

In the early weeks of the trial, the mayor of the village of Mazan told the BBC that the case could have been far more serious as nobody died.

But those remarks provoked an outcry across France and the mayor quickly apologised. He has since said he is withdrawing from public life.

The fact the trial was held in public meant every session was reported at length and in detail.

Elsa Labouret of activist group Dare to be Feminist told the BBC: “[Gisèle Pelicot] decided to make this bigger than herself. To make this about the way we, as a society, treat sexual violence.”